Mapping is provisional; records of sublobata need to be more carefully segregated. In its broad sense, hederifolia is a tetraploid or hexaploid (2n = 36, 54) winter annual (flowering mostly Mar-Apr in Ky.) that has been in North America since the late 19th Century, when perhaps restricted to Atlantic states (Gray 1889). V. hederifolia is now widespread across east-central states. Except for a 1949 coll. by M. Wharton from SCOTT (EKY), all Ky. records date from 1970 or later. Plants have become much more common than colls. suggest, especially in the Bluegrass region. It has been the most invasive Veronica in woodland, locally dominating moist fertile ground in younger woods and on floodplains. However, it is likely that much material in Ky is referable to the tetraploid V. sublobata (= V. hederfifolia ssp. lucorum Klett & Richter), which may have spread especially into more shady sites. The relatively large seeds of hederifolia may allow establishment in denser vegetation (Boutin & Harper 1991).