This northeastern tree is locally abundant in most Appalachian regions, where the old name "spruce pine" has been replaced by "hemlock" in modern usage. Barton (1919) indicated that is was most abundant in or near the Cumberland Mts., in the southern Cumberland Plateau, and in or near the North Fork of Kentucky Rv. watershed. Hemlock also occurs in small disjunct populations further west, at least as far as the sandstone ravines in the middle Green Rv. watershed. However, reports from BARR, TODD, TRIG and WEBS (CW) are omitted here pending clarification of their status. Although it is widely planted, escapes are not documented. It is clear that most Tsuga in Ky. is now threatened with devastation by the hemlock wooly adelgid (www.uky.edu/~sfei2/ hwa.htm). It is likely that much funding will be applied to insecticide treatments by some landowners, and more local releases of predatory beetles, but a fully integrated long-term program remains elusive (www. forestry.ky.gov/ programs/ health; www.ca.uky.edu/ entolology/ entfacts/ ef452.asp). One aspect of the research we need is to document genetic variation in more detail, including study of disjunct populations to see if they represent distinct genetic lineages from different periglacial refugia. Initial investigation failed to detect such patterns (Wang et al. 1997; R. Van Stockum, pers. comm.). Subsequent work has indicated soe distinction aong trees of the Ohio Valley, but without enough sampling to assess the Shawnee Hills trees (Lemieux et al. 2011, Prasad & Potter 2017). Attempts to cross canadensis with more resistant species (especially East Asian) have been unsuccessful, but there appear to be rare trees with some resistance due to higher terpenoid concentrations (Oten et al. 2014, Kinahan et al. 2020).