This annual or biennial is probably truly naturalized, but there are colls. (see SERNEC) of persistent plants or waifs from scattered sites, especially in the Bluegrass region (BOON, BULL, FAYE, GRAV, JEFF, MADI, PIKE, SHEL). V. tricolor is a common Eurasian weed that is also cultivated (as "wild pansy" or "Johnny-jump-up"); 2n = 26. The large-flowered horticultural "pansies" have varied hybrid origins from tricolor and other Eurasian species, and are generally known as V. X wittrockiana Gams; usually, 2n = 48. These plants are now extensively used for annual flower beds, but there is no evidence of escapes in Ky.