This is the typical "daffodil" from western Europe (or "Easter Lily" of old Ky. usage), with yellow flowers that have long central tubes. It is commonly cultivated and often persistent from old plantings in humid mid-temperate regions of North America. Plants have increased locally in Ky. to form populations of 100s or 1000s, but there is little evidence of dispersal beyond a few hundred meters. Methods of dispersal are poorly understood. Seedlings are rarely if ever reported in eastern North America; in English woodlands, Barkham (1980) estimated that the probability of an adult plant producing a seedling in each year is ca. 0.001 to 0.2 per plant, and that the probability of each seedling surviving to maturity is ca. 0.005 to 0.03. Bulbs are generally not eaten by mammalian herbivores, but they may be moved occasionally by squirrels or other small mammals, based on anecdotal or circumstantial evidence. Narcissus plants, especially the bulbs, are generally toxic for mammals due to phenanthridine alkaloids, especially lycorine (FNA 26); pseudonarcissus sometimes increases into pastures close to old plantings, with cattle leaving plants alone. Some naturalized plants near old (especially pre-1900) home sites in Ky. are less robust than standard modern cultivars ("trumpet daffodils"); corolla tubes are ca. 3.5-4 cm long (versus 4.5-5 cm), often with relatively little flaring. These suggest an affinity with old cultivars such as Ard Righ (= "Irish King"), Golden Spur or Henry Irving, as described in the British National Collection of Narcissus (see croft16daffodils.co.uk; also daffseek.org). Ard Righ, in particular, has been distributed in North America since 1888 (in Krelage's Catalog; Sara VanBeck, pers. comm.). Similar plants have been formally named at the varietal or subspecies level (e.g. based on N. minor L. or N. pumilus Salisb.). See also notes on hybrids under poeticus.