This vigorous, densely cespitose species (2n = 20) has been widely used in eastern states for "reclamation" of mines, old fields and other severely disturbed sites, but it then presents a serious problem for restoration of native biological diversity. The species appears to have evolved more invasive behavior (reproductive and competitive), after its first introduction to North America in 1930, but less general defense against herbivores (Beaton et al. 2011). It has higher seed production than native congeners, and a higher proportion of outcrossing flowers (Woods et al. 2008). Clewell (1967) reported rare hybrids in Ala. and Ga. with capitata, "violacea" and virginica. In Ky. cuneata was first recorded during the 1930s (B). Some colls. may come from plantings, but the species is also frequently naturalized through seed dispersal. It has become regulated as a noxious weed in Okl., Kans. and Neb. (K). However, it continues to be prescribed locally in most eastern states. Until at least 2013, the state of Mo. required this species to be included in seed mixes for varied uses (R. Seymour, pers. comm.); but its Dept. of Conservation (at mdc.mo.gov) now provides advice on how to control it, especially where it has spread into pastures and reduced forage value. Plants are relatively unpalatablre except during spring, when intense grazing by livestock (especially sheep and goats) may provide some control. Burning in the fall may also be somewhat effective. But managers often resort to special herbicide applications instead.