The name C. foemina Mill. may be preferred for this species, but its correct application remains uncertain; it may become a nomen nudum (W). This species of southeastern swamps is close to the more northern racemosa, but colls. can be clearly distinguished in almost all cases; see Z.E. Murrell & A.S. Weakley (W) for a modern treatment. The stricta group (with racemosa and drummondii) may be generally distinct from the amomum group (with obliqua, stolonifera and rugosa), but clear differences are not well established (Y, W). The stricta group tends to have more uniformly colored bark, usually with less well-marked lenticels, leaves with relatively few veins (usually 3-5 per side versus 4-9) and relatively prolonged acuminate apices. C. stricta may hybridize with drummondii (Y, W); a puzzling population at Duncannon Swamp in MADI appears to have intermediate morphology and ecology.